the KENBAK-1 Computer
arguably the first personal computer
What is the Kenbak-1?
The Kenbak-1 has often been considered "the first personal computer." It was designed, built, and marketed by John V. Blankenbaker in 1971, and was made before microprocessors were available. In spite of it not being commercially successful (only about 52 were made) it had a lasting impact and taught scores of students. It was named the "first personal computer" by a group of computer industry experts after a search by Boston's "The Computer Museum" in 1986. It has been called the first personal computer by the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, CA, the Computer Museum of America in Roswell Georgia, the Deutsches Museum in Munich Germany, and other major computer museums.
Read John V. Blankenbaker's biography by clicking here. For more information about the title of "the first personal computer" and the "Early PC Search" click here.
John Blankenbaker with his computer in 1986 (photo courtesy of Jerry Rabinowitz)
Advertisement in Scientific American, 1971
What was it Used for?
From the beginning, the Kenbak-1 was marketed as a computer for learning computer concepts and machine code programming. It was limited to just 256 bytes of memory, 8 input switches and 8 output lights, but its rich instruction set and capabilities made it similar to the "big computers" of the time, and actually easier to program than some of the microprocessors which followed.
According to John Blankenbaker, some of his first sales were made to educational institutions: "The first two Kenbak-1 computers were sold to a private girl's school in Hawaii. Two were sold to a private boy's school. Four were sold to a high school in NY. Foreign sales included Mexico, Canada, France, Spain, and Italy. Several community/technical colleges bought some. Individuals bought some." This advertisement on the left from Scientific American was his most successful (and expensive) ad, but John did get advertisements and mentions in Amateur Computer Society Newsletter and Computer World and some education magazines like College Management and Nations Schools.
How Was it Used?
To the user/programmer, the Kenbak-1 appears as a memory bank of 256 8-bit numbers (bytes). Some of those 256 memory locations have "special functions" such as special math registers or the input/output registers. The programmer would manually load "machine code" instructions and data into the desired memory locations with the front panel buttons, then press the "start" button to execute that program.
The instruction set was unusually extensive for a simple machine. It included the usual 8-bit math instructions (add, subtract, complement) bit manipulation and shifting, conditional jumps, and indexed or indirect memory addressing. It was a very "complete" instruction set. Tom Crosley, an early user, said he felt the instruction set was better than the PDP-8 or the Intel 8080 which followed.
After storing the program in memory, the starting location would be set in the "P Register" (memory location 3) the start button would be pressed, and the program would begin. The simple program at the right will just count from zero to 255 repeatedly on the front panel lights. See an online emulator running this below. For more details about programming, and some example programs, CLICK HERE.
How was it Electronically Designed?
At the time the Kenbak-1 was designed and made, microprocessors were not invented yet. So the Kenbak-1 was designed with small scale integration (SSI) logic chips. Individual logic gates, inverters, and latches were used, as well as a few transistors, resistors, capacitors, and diodes. A state-machine with 29 states controlled the internal workings. The Arithmetic Unit was implemented with a serial adder, where a single bit of the answer is processed on each clock tick. This reduced the chip count greatly, but at the expense of execution speed, so the Kenbak-1 could only execute about 480 instructions per second (for typical 2-byte instructions), in spite of a clock speed of 1 megahertz. About 131 different SSI chips were needed to implement this state machine, ALU, and required logic.
Making 256 bytes of memory was not simple at the time. Random access memory chips were not available, so many computers and calculators of the time used "serial memory." This was sometimes implemented in period computers using waves in a pool of mercury, or torsion waves traveling down a metal wire. Luckily, Intel developed a 1024-bit shift register integrated circuit about this time, so two of these were utilized to give the 256 bytes. Every time an instruction or data was to be read or written to memory, a wait of 512 clock cycles, on average, would have to pass for the correct byte to circulate through the memory so it could be read. John figured the slower speed wouldn't be a problem, and might allow learners to see the progress of their program's execution. For detailed information about the circuitry, and electronic implementation, click here for details about the Circuit Design.
Just one page, of the 26 pages of logic schematics, including the shift register memory chips.
One of 3 pages of state diagrams. Left click to open in new window.
How Can I Get My Own Kenbak-1?
While original Kenbak-1 computers are rare, modern-day emulators (or simulators) and reproductions are readily available.
The best "free" way to play with a Kenbak-1 is through an online emulator, and a favorite is this one from neocomputer.org. It's running the "simple counting program" above. This emulator is remarkably similar to using the real thing at no cost at all.
An online emulator from neocomputer.org
Three different Kenbak-1 emulators
from adwaterandstir.com
An even more authentic experience comes from several of the physical Kenbak-1 emulators which are designed around modern single chip computers. While they don't implement the low-level circuitry and state-machine logic, the experience is very accurate. My favorites are from the adwaterandstir.com web site, which makes and sells several models of Kenbak-1 emulators. Chris Davis, who runs the website, even located the original "Bud Industries Grand Prix" case specifications, so he could authentically make metal cases for these reproductions.
Is It Possible to Make a Kenbak-1 From the Original Components and PC Boards?
Yes, that's exactly what a couple people did from 2005 to 2009. As Erik Klein put details about his machine on the internet, and the schematics and documentation became available, at least two individuals made up reproduction Kenbak-1's. from the original plans.
In 2005 I made several Kenbak-1's and sold a couple of them privately and on eBay. Soon afterwards, Grant Stockly made and sold a "Kenbak-1 Series 2" kit which made it easy to make a high-quality replica. He stopped selling his kits or updating his site around 2008, but his website is still available at kenbakkit.com and has great information. Perhaps the most authentic reproduction was made during the 2020 pandemic by Richard Lynch, from Texas, who duplicated even the linear power supply documented with photos here.
Most recently (2024), Artem Kalinchuk in Virginia has produced a Kenbak-1 kit with PC board, parts, and even has a source for the case. Click HERE for his site with all details.
For information about making your own Kenbak-1, with downloadable PC board artwork, see this Making a Reproduction Kenbak-1 page.
But I Really Want an Original Kenbak-1!
The Nova Scotia Computer Museum's hoard of seven
computers, some labeled Kenbak-1, some labeled CTI,
before they were scattered all over the world.
You aren't likely to stumble upon one at a flea market, but maybe. Of around 52 Kenbak-1's originally made, few still exist, and when they come up for sale, they are expensive. One is just sold at auction at Christie's from the Paul Allen Living Computers Museum, click here for listing. There are 14 documented computers in existence, but some private collectors (and even some museums) aren't forthcoming about what they have, or where they came from. Also, when sold at auction, both buyers and sellers can remain anonymous. This makes it difficult to track machines.
We began trying to track all original Kenbak-1 computers around 2005 with some success. See our LIST OF ALL REMAINING ORIGINAL KENBAK-1 COMPUTERS which lists all known original Kenbak-1 Computers still in existence.